Fluoridation Fact Sheet

Background

Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral which is present in almost all foods, beverages and water supplies. Fluoride is essential for healthy teeth. It helps teeth to become more resistant to decay by strengthening tooth enamel, reversing newly-formed cavities (the process of remineralization) and preventing the formation of cavities in root surfaces of teeth in adults and the elderly whose gums have receded.

Community water fluoridation is the process of adjusting the natural fluoride concentration to the recommended concentration for optimal dental health. Since its inception in 1945, fluoridation has grown to cover over 60% of the population who use public water supplies. During the past 50 years, hundreds of scientific studies have shown that community water fluoridation is safe and effective.

Background Fluoride Levels

The City's Los Angeles Aqueduct (LAA) contains natural amounts of fluoride which fluctuate seasonally, ranging between 0.4 and 0.8 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Other sources of supply, the California Aqueduct and the Colorado River Aqueduct (both operated by the Metropolitan Water District (MWD), and the City's local groundwater supply contain lower levels of fluoride, ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L.

Although historically, the San Fernando Valley and West Los Angeles received LAA water exclusively, this is no longer true. MWD water is now delivered routinely to all parts of the City, so the natural fluoride concentration is a varying blend of the LAA and MWD fluoride concentrations.

The recommended optimum (or ideal) fluoride level, based on long term average air temperatures, is 0.8 mg/L for all regions of the City.

Recent Activity

Governor Wilson signed into law on October 9, 1995 State legislation (AB733) that mandates fluoridation of all water systems having more than 10,000 service connections. Concurrently, the Los Angeles City Council directed the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) to develop a fluoridation implementation and financing plan. The Board of Water and Power Commissioners have adopted a resolution endorsing the provision of optimal levels of fluoride in the City's water supply.
In mid-1996, the LADWP formed a Fluoride Project Team to design and construct the required fluoridation facilities. The design of the fluoridation stations features one of the most advanced control systems in the country, and incorporates multiple levels of automatic protection. The design also features monitoring of operations from remote locations.

The City of Los Angeles began optimal fluoridation of the water supply in August, 1999. Currently, 70% of the distributed water is fluoridated. By the end of 2000, 80% of the distributed water will be fluoridated, and 100% coverage is expected by the end of 2001.

Costs

The capital cost for this project is estimated at $10 million with an annual operations and maintenance budget of $1.4 million. The cost of this program will be managed within the current rate structure, so this added health benefit will not increase customer water rates.

Benefits to Consumers

Virtually all major national and international health, service and professional organizations endorse or support water fluoridation, including the American Dental Association, the American Medical Association, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, and the World Health Organization. Optimal fluoride levels in city water will benefit all inhabitants, but especially those in economically disadvantaged areas.

Water fluoridation is the single, most cost effective public health measure to prevent tooth decay and improve oral health. The American Dental Association states that the average annual cost for community water fluoridation in the U.S. is about 50 cents per person. The Centers for Disease Control estimates that every dollar spent on fluoridation saves approximately $80 in dental expenditures.

Every Surgeon General since 1945 has endorsed community water fluoridation. The Surgeon General's website identifies fluoridation as one of the top ten public health measures of the 20th Century.


ORGANIZATIONS IN STRONG SUPPORT OF WATER FLUORIDATION

American Academy of Pediatrics
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Association for Dental Research
American Association of Dental Schools
American Association of Public Health Dentistry
American College of Dentists
American Council on Science and Health
American Dental Assistants Association
American Dental Association
American Dental Hygienists Association
American Dietetic Association
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
American Hospital Association
American Institute of Nutrition
American Medical Association
American Nurses’ Association
American Osteopathic Association
American Pharmaceutical Association
American Public Health Association
American Public Welfare Association
American School Health Association
American Society of Clinical Nutrition
American Society for Dentistry for Children
American Veterinary Medical Association
American Water Works Association
Association for Academic Health Centers
Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors
British Dental Association
British Fluoridation Society
British Medical Association
California Childrens Services
California Dental Association (Jointly with U.S. Public Health Service)
California Dental Hygienists’ Association 
California Department of Health Services
California Fluoridation Task Force
California Medical Assistance Commission
California PTA
California State Assembly
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Center for Science in the Public Interest
Centro de Ninos
Child Study Association of America
Children Now
Children’s Dental Foundation
Children’s Hospital LA
Children’s Roundtable
Chinese American Dental Society
Clinica Para Las Americas
Commission on Chronic Illness
Community Health Councils Project
Consumer Federation of America
Department of National Health and Welfare (Canada)
Delta Dental Plans Association
Dental Coalition for Needy Children
Dental Health Foundation
European Organization for Caries Research
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
Federation of Community Coordinating Councils of L.A. County
Federation Dentaire Internationale
Food and Nutrition Board
Foundation for Children’s Dental Health
Great Britain Ministry of Health
Harbor Dental Society
Health and Safety/Health Care Workers
Health Insurance Association of America
Health League of Canada
Healthy L.A. 2000 Council
Indian Dental Association
Indian Health Service
Inter-Association Committee on Health
International Association for Dental Research
Japanese-American Dental Society
Joint Committee on Health Problems in Education
Kaiser Permanente
Korean Dental Society
L.A. Citizens for Better Dental Health
L.A. City/County Indian Commission
L.A. County Children’s Planning Council
L.A. County Medical Association 
L.A. Free Clinic
Latin American Dental Association
LA 4 Kids
League of California Cities
Long Beach Water Department
Los Angeles Association of Women Dentists
Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce
Los Angeles Department of Children and Family Services
Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
Los Angeles County Department of Health Services
Los Angeles Dental Society
Los Angeles Grand Jury Report
L.A. Mayor’s Committee on Children, Youth and Families
Los Angeles PTA
Los Angeles Roundtable for Children
Los Angeles Unified School District
MAOF Head Start
Mayo Clinic
National Academy of Sciences
National Cancer Institute
National Confectioners Association
National Congress of Parents and Teachers
National Health Council
National Institute of Dental Research
National Institute of Municipal Law Officers
National Institutes of Health
National Research Council
New York Academy of Medicine
Office of Dental Health Services
Older Women’s League
Pan American Health Organization
Policy & Development Association 
Project Heavy – West
Public Council
Public Health Commission
Public Health Programs and Services
Queen of Angels – Hollywood Presbyterian Hospitals
Royal College of Physicians (London)
San Fernando Valley Dental Society
San Gabriel Unified School District
San Gabriel Valley Dental Society
Society of Toxicology
South Bay Children’s Health Center, Inc.
South Bay Free Clinic
Southern California Filipino Dental Society
Southern California Public Health Association 
Travelers Insurance Company
U.C. San Francisco, School of Dentistry
UCLA Community Partnership
UCLA REI WIC Program
UCLA School of Public Health
University of San Diego Medical Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce
U.S. Public Health Service
US California School of Dentistry
Western Center on Law and Poverty
Western Los Angeles Dental Society
World Health Organization
Youth Law Center

OTHER LINKS FOR INFORMATION ON FLUORIDE AND FLUORIDATION